We present a type inference system for pure λ-calculus which includes, in addition to arrow types, also universal and existential type quantifiers, intersection and union types, and type recursion. The interest of this system lies in the fact that it offers a possibility to study in a unified framework a wide range of type constructors. We investigate the main syntactical properties of the system, including an analysis of the preservation of types under parallel reduction strategies, leading to a form of (...) the subject-reduction property. We describe a model for this system where types are special subsets of a D∞ model for λ-calculus, without imposing any formal contractiveness constraint on types of the kind considered for a closely related system by MacQueen, Plotkin and Sethi. (shrink)

Cet article se propose de caractériser le style délibératif qui s'instaure dans la « nouvelle blogosphère citoyenne ». L'ouverture des formats d'énonciation du blog favorise la mobilisation de compétences expressives jusqu'alors refoulées dans les dispositifs de prise de parole publique . Mais les formes de la discussion qui s'opèrent dans les commentaires de blogs contribuent à faire réapparaître les contraintes de la discussion publique et à organiser une forme élargie et enrichie de débat public.This paper proposes to characterize the deliberative (...) style that creates the "new citizen blogosphere." The opening statement of the formats blog promotes the mobilization of previously repressed expressive skills in existing public speaking . But the forms of the discussion taking place in the comments of blogs contribute to reappear the constraints of public discussion and to organize an expanded form and enriched public debate. (shrink)

La réussite des plates-formes relationnelles du Web 2.0 doit beaucoup au fait que les personnes prennent des risques avec leur identité en rendant publiques des informations sur elles-mêmes. Aussi, est-il nécessaire de comprendre les ressorts sociaux, culturels et psychologiques de ce phénomène. Car l'exposition de soi ne signifie pas un renoncement au contrôle de son image. Elle témoigne, au contraire, d'une volonté que l'on pourrait presque dire stratégique de gérer et d'agir sur les autres en affichant et en masquant certains (...) traits de son identité. C'est ce paradoxe qui se trouve au coeur des débats sur la privacy dans le Web 2.0 et dont cet article cherche à éclairer quelques aspects à travers la lecture de travaux de recherche récents.The success of Web 2.0 relational platforms owes a lot to people who take risks with their personal identities by making information about themselves public. There is therefore a need to understand the social, cultural and psychological mainsprings of this phenomenon. The exhibition of the self on the Internet does not mean that people are losing control over their image. Rather, it reflects a strategic attempt to manage and influence others. This paradox lies at the heart of Web 2.0 privacy debates, which this paper seeks to shed light on through a reading of recent research work. (shrink)

Résumé Les machines numériques sculptent désormais des objets en référant leurs formes aux flux de données qui jaillissent de l’incessante activité des bases de données du web. Pendant que s’affole le débat sur les risques et les opportunités des big data, d’autres s’affairent à régler les algorithmes destinées à faire « parler » les données. On assiste à un renversement d’une importance énorme dans le champ des sciences sociales, laissant croire que « les chiffres parlent d’eux-mêmes ». Ce que la (...) visualisation des nouvelles traces digitales fait alors voir, c’est que les catégories d’interprétation traditionnelles ne tiennent plus d’elles-mêmes et qu’il faut commencer par regarder avant d’interpréter. (shrink)

Cet article porte sur le modèle d'innovation qui préside à la conception des plateformes relationnelles sur Internet. Sous l'étiquette de « Web 2.0 » s'est développé récemment un ensemble de pratiques de conception qui associe étroitement les usagers innovateurs et les petites entreprises présentes sur Internet. On montre notamment comment cette tendance prolonge et transforme la dynamique des innovations ascendantes et le mouvement du logiciel libre. L'article s'attache à décrire deux espaces d'innovation particuliers qui permettent de réunir un réseau hétérogène (...) de concepteurs: les barcamps et les coworking places.This paper focuses on the innovation model that governs the design of relational platforms on the Internet. Under the label of "Web 2.0" has recently developed a set of design practices that closely innovative users and small businesses with an Internet presence. We show how this trend extends and transforms the dynamics of bottom-up innovations and the free software movement. The article aims to describe two areas of innovation individuals who bring together a heterogeneous network of designers: the barcamps and coworking spaces. (shrink)

L’analyse quantitative, à partir des données de la CCIJP, des inégalités de genre dans le journalisme, suppose d’orchestrer un jeu d’échelles temporelles complexe. Nous proposons de coupler la description des évolutions du marché du travail journalistique à une analyse longitudinale des carrières. La focale est ensuite placée sur les cheminements professionnels des membres d’une cohorte, celle des nouveaux entrants sur le marché du travail journalistique en 2000, et sur la manière dont ces derniers traversent les évolutions de la profession. La (...) féminisation du journalisme s’opère dans un contexte de précarisation croissante. Les femmes renforcent leur place sur le marché de l’emploi journalistique mais elles présentent des carrières moins longues, plus discontinues, bénéficient d’un accès limité aux positions professionnelles d’encadrement et sont plus exposées à l’emploi flexible que les hommes. On constate toutefois une relative fissuration du plafond de verre. Mais la réussite des femmes est plus étroitement associée à la détention d’un diplôme prestigieux que celle des hommes, et la valorisation des parcours discontinus s’exprime différemment selon le sexe. (shrink)

La « théorie » de la prédication de Barth comme « théologie de la Parole de Dieu » a été remise en question au début des années 60 alors qu’elle était constituée depuis les années 20. Qu’en est-il exactement de cette conception trop peu connue dans son exactitude, en France notamment ? Soucieux de pratique, Barth conçoit d’abord la prédication comme une Theologia viatorum et semble affirmer le caractère divin de la parole de la prédication. Or, la difficulté, voire l’échec, (...) de celle-ci en rappelle le caractère de terrible humanité. Ainsi passe-t-il « d’une attestation indirecte du Christ » dans la prédicaiton de l’église, à une « prédication, service de la parole de Dieu », compte tenu de ce que seul le Christ, en définitive, est Parole de Dieu, et que la charge de prédication appartient à toute la « communauté de témoins ».Barth's « theory » of preaching as « theology of the World of God » was put into question at the beginning of the 60's, although it goes back to the 20’s. What is it exactly about this conception, too little known in its details, especillaly in France ? Concerned with practice, Barth first conceived preaching as a Theologia viatorum and seems to have confirmed the divine character of the preached word. But the difficulty, indeed the failure, of the latter recalls the character of terrible humanity. Thus there evolves from « an indirect attestation of Christ « in the preaching of the Church, to a « preaching service of God’s word », taking into account that only Christ, finally is Word of God, and that the role of preaching belongs to all the « community of witnesses». (shrink)

Dans les années 1920, la théologie de Barth est centrée sur la thématique de la prédication, à la fois point de départ et point d'impact de sa réflexion. Dieu parle, l'Homme écoute. Notre analyse portera sur la possibilité d'une telle audition croyante de la Parole de Dieu, dont Barth affirme la réalité avec force comme seule issue à l'angoisse existentielle humaine qui étreint ses auditeurs, selon le pasteur de Safenwil, et les pousse à se presser " malgré tout " au (...) pied de sa chaire. Nous essaierons également de déterminer la forme concrète que Barth entend donner à sa prédication, à une époque où il s'agit moins pour lui de prêcher " le texte " que de proclamer la résolution en Christ de la contradiction et de l'interrogation dans lesquelles la présence de Dieu place l'Homme. In the twenties, Barth's theology took its start and found its accomplishment in the question of the proclamation of God's Word. God speaks, Man listens. We shall try here to understand why, according to our author, such a faithful listening is possible. According to Barth it is the only solution of man's existential anguish, which explains why women and men go on coming to listen to the sermon. We shall also try to determine what form Barth gave to this preaching, at a time when he would put Man under the weight of the contradiction and interrogation caused by God's presence, and proclaim how Christ's revelation solves it, rather than explain each word of the biblical text. (shrink)

In this article, we develop an approach for the moral assessment of research and development networks on the basis of the reflective equilibrium approach proposed by Rawls and Daniels. The reflective equilibrium approach aims at coherence between moral judgments, principles, and background theories. We use this approach because it takes seriously the moral judgments of the actors involved in R & D, whereas it also leaves room for critical reflection about these judgments. It is shown that two norms, namely reflective (...) learning and openness and inclusiveness, which are used in the literature on policy and technological networks, contribute to achieving a justified overlapping consensus. We apply the approach to a case study about the development of an innovative sewage treatment technology and show how in this case the two norms are or could be instrumental in achieving a justified overlapping consensus on relevant moral issues. (shrink)

In this paper we report on our experiences with using network analysis to discern and analyse ethical issues in research into, and the development of, a new wastewater treatment technology. Using network analysis, we preliminarily interpreted some of our observations in a Group Decision Room session where we invited important stakeholders to think about the risks of this new technology. We show how a network approach is useful for understanding the observations, and suggests some relevant ethical issues. We argue that (...) a network approach is also useful for ethical analysis of issues in other fields of research and development. The abandoning of the overarching rationality assumption, which is central to network approaches, does not have to lead to ethical relativism. (shrink)

Of all the distinctive features of the Buddhist religion, one of the most neglected is the sangha . Scholars give much attention to the study of texts and commentaries, the analysis of doctrines and the classification of schools. But the core of the Buddhist religion is the sangha , the community of bhikkhus around whose corporate life the religion is moulded. It is the existence and structure of the sangha which has shaped the history of Buddhism, enabled it to take (...) root in new countries, and given it the customs and rituals which have made it a religion rather than a small sect. (shrink)

This paper inquires into the nature of intertheoretic relations between psychology and neuroscience. This relationship has been characterized by some as one in which psychological explanations eventually will fall away as otiose, overthrown completely by neurobiological ones. Against this view it will be argued that it squares poorly with scientific practices and empirical developments in the cognitive neurosciences. We analyse a case from research on visual perception, which suggests a much more subtle and complex interplay between psychology and neuroscience than (...) a complete take-over of the former by the latter. In the case of vision, cross-theory influences between psychology and neuroscience go back and forth, resulting in refinement in both disciplines. We interpret this case study as showing that: (1) Mutual co-evolution of psychological and neurobiological theories, exemplifying persisting top-down influences from psychology, is a more empirically adequate way to describe psychoneural theory relations than a view on co-evolution, favoured by reductionists, which regards the cross-theory contributions from psychology as merely heuristically useful with no enduring influence on neurobiological theorizing; (2) In research on vision, discovering (or hypothesizing) the neural basis of functions vindicates psychological approaches, it does not eliminate them; (3) Current work on vision shows that many perceptual phenomena must be understood in terms of dynamical interactions between an observer and his/her environment. Therefore, we argue that internalist characterizations of the visual system must be supplemented with externalist accounts that address these reciprocal observer-environment interactions involved in vision. Such processes seem quite different from (internal) cellular and molecular ones, and as such seem to lie outside the scope of neuroscientific inquiry. We conclude that psychoneural reduction or elimination is implausible as a meta-theoretical prediction of theory choice in empirical work. Instead, this case study of vision shows that both psychology and neuroscience contribute to, and complement one another in the study of visual perception. (shrink)

In this article, the authors bring two personal journeys together: one author’s liberationist journey, sparked by a search for justice and liberation in the slums of Guatemala City, and the other’s lifelong commitment to practical theology and spatial justice in South Africa. A practical theology of liberation is the result of life experiences in countries of the Global South amidst the search for justice and liberation. The worlds that come together in this article are René Girard’s mimetic theory, liberation theology (...) and practical theology. This article raises the question of the cross-contextuality of practical theology and the theological application of mimetic theory to develop innovative theological methodologies that respond to the collective woundedness of the urban context in the Global South.Contribution: The main contribution of this article is the use of three seemingly different theological approaches in conjunction. This article opens the door to inform practical theology with René Girard’s mimetic theory and liberation theology. (shrink)

In this article, Paul's use of the Old Testament in 1 Corinthians 10:1-4 comes under scrutiny. In contrast with the theory of some modern scholars that Paul uses, 'fanciful analogies', 'startling figurative claims' and metaphors that 'should not he pressed', in reaching his conclusion that 'the rock was Christ', in 1 Corinthians 10:4c, it is indicated that Paul is indeed taking the original text, the Old Testament's interpretation of the text, and the Jewish tradition of the interpretation of the text, (...) seriously, in the light of the Christ-event. To prove this claim, research of the text, that Paul uses in 1 Corinthians 10:1-4, is followed by research of the 'world in front of that text'.CONTRIBUTION: The conclusion that is reached indicates that Paul established within the context of contemporary Jewish practices, a true dialogical relationship between an intertextual handling of the text, and his interpretation thereof in the light of the relevance of the Christ-event for the conflict in the Church of Corinth. (shrink)

O artigo busca refletir sobre a trajetória do filósofo francês Jean-Paul Sartre e sobre os elementos encontrados em suas reflexões que podem inspirar um fazer para a psicologia clínica no contemporâneo. Neste esforço, partiremos de um olhar para a biografia de Sartre desde seus primeiros anos até a compreensão da inexorável conexão entre existente e mundo. Olhando para a noção de engajamento defendida por Sartre, apontaremos para algumas questões políticas e sociais as quais ele correspondeu em seu tempo. Em seguida, (...) olharemos para questões contemporâneas que suas proposições nos auxiliam a pensar e em como sua filosofia nos acena para caminhos possíveis para um fazer clínico que seja engajado no horizonte histórico que é o nosso. (shrink)

Take the following version of scientific realism: we have good reason to believe that (some of the) current scientific theories tell us something specific about the underlying, i.e. unobservable, structures of the world, for instance that there are electrons with a certain electric charge, or that there are viruses that cause certain diseases. Popper, the rationalist, would not have adhered to the proposed formulation of scientific realism in terms of the rationality of existential beliefs concerning unobservables. Popper did not believe (...) in belief. According to Van Fraassen, the empiricist, one may yet have a rational existential belief concerning unobservables, given a liberal notion of rationality of belief. In this paper I will investigate to what extent a reassessment of both Popper’s rejection of the rationality of belief and Van Fraassen’s reformulation of the rationality of belief, points towards a new and pragmatist dissolution of the ‘problem of scientific realism’. (shrink)

Verbal fluency is a basic function of language that refers to the ability to produce fluent speech. Despite being an essentially linguistic function, its measurements are also used to evaluate executive aspects of verbal behavior. Performance in verbal fluency (VF) tasks varies according to age, education, and cognitive development. Neurodevelopmental disorders that affect the functioning of frontal areas tend to cause lower performance in VF tasks. Despite the relative consensus that has been reached in terms of the use of VF (...) tasks for the diagnosis of dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, few studies have considered regional variations in Brazil. The present study sought to provide normative data on VF tasks in children by considering gender, age, education, and geopolitical region of origin with auxiliary purposes in neuropsychological diagnosis of disorders that occur with executive changes The study included 298 participants, 7-10 years of age of both genders, who performed three letter fluency tasks and three category fluency tasks. The data were subjected to correlational and variance analyses, with age and gender as factors. No effect of gender on the children’s performance was found. However, significant differences between age groups were observed, with better performance in letter tasks in older children and better performance in letter tasks compared with category tasks. Significant regional differences in performance on the letter VF task were observed. These results reinforce the importance of regional normative data in countries with high regional cultural variations, such as Brazil. (shrink)

O chamado fenómeno emocional encontra-se presente no domínio da Humanização em Saúde, onde há uma relação entre os valores e a sua fenomenologia, que é fundamental para a humanização. Na humanização aparece a relação entre as ideais clínicas, e não só, com os seus e outros valores.

Background: Discussing treatment risks has become increasingly important in medical communication. Still, despite regulations, physicians must decide how much and what kind of information to present. Objective: To investigate patients’ preference for information about a small risk of a complication of colonoscopy, and whether medical and personal factors contribute to such preference. To propose a disclosure policy related to our results. Design: Vignettes study. Setting: Department of Gastroenterology, Academic Medical Centre, the Netherlands. Patients: 810 consecutive colonoscopy patients. Intervention: A home-sent (...) questionnaire containing three vignettes. Vignettes varied in the indication for colonoscopy, complication severity and level of risk. Patients were invited to indicate their wish to be informed and the importance of such information. In addition, sociodemograhic, illness-related and psychological characteristics were assessed. Main outcome measurements: Wish to be informed and importance of information. Results: Of 810 questionnaires, 68% were returned. Patients generally wished to be informed about low-risk complications, regardless of the indication for colonoscopy or the severity of the complication. The level of risk did matter, though (OR = 2.48, SE = 0.28, p = 0.001). The information was considered less important if done for population screening purposes or diagnosis of colon cancer, if the complication was less severe (bleeding) and if the risk was smaller (0.01% and 0.1%). Patients’ information preference was also related to age, mood and coping style. Limitations: Difficulty of vignettes. Conclusions: Patients generally wish to be informed about all possible risks. However, this might become uninformative. A stepwise approach is suggested. (shrink)